New research reveals that Ludwig van Beethoven likely suffered from lead poisoning, based on extremely high levels of lead found in two authenticated locks of his hair-64 and 95 times above expected levels. Researchers also detected elevated levels of arsenic and mercury. Though not considered the sole cause of death, lead poisoning may have contributed to Beethoven&rsquos lifelong health issues such as deafness, kidney problems, gastrointestinal pain, and ultimately liver failure.

The toxins likely accumulated from sources common in the 19th century, including wine sweetened with lead acetate and fish contaminated from polluted rivers. Beethoven&rsquos fondness for plumbed wine and fish from the industrially active Danube River likely contributed to his heavy metal exposure. The findings add a fourth major factor-alongside hepatitis B, alcohol use, and genetic risk&mdashto the possible causes of his liver failure before his death at age 56.The study deepens our understanding of how Beethoven&rsquos physical suffering influenced his life and music.

The study deepens our understanding of how Beethoven&rsquos physical suffering influenced his life and music. Despite debilitating illness and complete deafness, he composed his final and most celebrated work, the Ninth Symphony. Yet personal despair shadowed his triumphs, highlighting the profound complexity behind his musical genius and emotional legacy.